Sequential Halving With Base Square Root of Two
Welcome to JManimas web pages: (This work originally posted to the JManimas web pages in December of 2000)
Welcome to Aquarius, Volume 6, July 25, 2006
A math secret lost since 500 B.C. and re-discovered by John Manimas Medeiros on September 1, 1996.
The Pyramid Mark (Two): The Square Root of Two
Copyright © 2000, John Manimas Medeiros, All Rights Reserved.
Math symbols used for this web text: 25 or 2^5 = two raised to the fifth power.
1/ SQRT(Pi) = one over (divided by) the square root of Pi. SQRT means "the square root of."
The question posed by the ancients was: "Can you construct a circle equal in area to a given square, using only a compass and straightedge?" Or: "Can you construct a square equal in area to a given circle, using only a compass and straightedge?"
An initial part of the correct answer (that is, a helpful path of inquiry) is the super-binary number line system, employing the square root of two as the number base, which enables us to construct any number, including fractions, including any irrational or transcendental number, using only the compass and straightedge.
If the reader is not familiar with the use of a number base other than ten, the following explanation will be challenging. If the reader is familiar with the base two or binary number system, the explanation will be easy to understand and put into practice at home with an ordinary sheet of paper, pencil or pen, and a compass and straightedge. For greater control and accuracy, a sliding-bar or clip compass, with both the scriber and pivot in the vertical position, is recommended. One other item, a block of soft wood, will make the practice easier and more accurate.
When we look at the Great Pyramid from overhead, we see a square with the crossed diagonals, as shown in Figure 1 below. If the side is assigned a length of one (1), then the diagonal is the square root of two, which is an irrational number, meaning it includes an endless, non-repeating mantissa in our decimal digital place value system. Study the lines of the square and diagonals after extending the line lengths with the compass and straightedge, as in Figure 2.
To test the math, and practice using this number system, the student will need a scientific calculator.
The Algorithm is best illustrated through the description of distinct procedures which would be subroutines of a complete computer program. There is something that occurs with D (1.414213562...) that occurs with no other number: when it is divided in half, the result is the negative power of itself, and, with each successive division in half, the result is the next odd negative power of D. The even negative powers of D are the same as the negative powers of 2, which is of course D squared. We therefore can obtain all of these calculated number values by dividing D in half, and by dividing S in half (S = Side = 1).
Pick up your scientific calculator and play with D as the number base. First, get D and then save it in memory. Divide D in half. The result is 0.707106781... . Recall D again. Press 1/x to get the value of 1/D. The result is 0.707106781... . That is one over the square root of two, or D-1 . Divide D-1 in half. The result is D-3 . Divide that in half. The result is D-5 . Each time you divide the result in half the next result is the next odd negative power of D. When you divide 1 in half, and then again and then again, you get the even negative powers of D. Can we do the same with a compass and straightedge? At first it would appear impossible, because we cannot divide such small lines in half. But, there is a way. The lines are proportional, and we can use a proportional multiplier to make the lines manageable. Here the fun begins. With your calculator, recall D, then add 2. The result is 3.414213562... . Divide that result in half. The next result is 1.707106781... . Add 1. The result is 2.707106781... . Divide that in half. The next result is 1.353553391... . Add 1. The result is then 2.353553391... . Divide that in half. The next result is 1.176776695... . As you continue you will see that each repetition of this simple operation yields the next odd negative power of D plus 1 in number line value. That means we can perform these same operations with a compass and straightedge. If we use the compass to subtract the line length of 1, the result is the very small remaining line length that is the odd negative power of D. We obtain the even negative powers of D by repeatedly dividing S (1) in half. That means we can use our calculator, or a compass and straightedge, to obtain a listing of the negative powers of D. We can produce either by calculation, or with compass and straightedge, any negative power of D. Those values are therefore available to us to construct concrete number lines by summation, the same way that we construct abstract digital numbers by summation using the negative powers of 10. For example, the abstract digital decimal number 2,984 is:
4 * 100 + 8 * 101 + 9 * 102 + 2 * 103
For the first step in writing a simple program that repeats the operation and prints out a list of the values, designate a variable of D value. Create a For-Next Loop that distinguishes between the odd negative powers (using D) and even negative powers (using S = 1). Include a counter. And then just apply the simple operation of adding 1 and dividing in half the running value. Print out the “next result” before the loop moves on to the next repetition. The program print out desired is a list as follows:
D^ -1 = (D/2^ 1) +1 = 1.707106581...
D^ -2 = (S/2^ 1) +1 = 1.5
D^ -3 = (D/2^ 2) +1 = 1.35355339...
D^ -4 = (S/2^ 2) +1 = 1.25 and so forth.
This relatively simple program becomes a subroutine for holding the series of elements, for example D-1 to D-128, in an array to be used later.
Link to: (Welcome) or (Geometry Alpha Index).
Next, practice with your calculator summating a number using D. What is the value of D-5 plus D-9 ? That would be 0.176776695... plus 0.044194173... which equals the value of 0.220970869... . Our first thought would be that we can calculate D-5 and save it. Then calculate D-9 and add the two values. But, there is another way that we can construct the summation in a series of repeated operations. We will divide D in half five times in order to obtain 0.044194174... and another D in half three times in order to obtain 0.176776695... . We perform the operation on the first D two times, then we add the second D and continue the operations, so that we shall have halved one D five times and the second D three times, but in a single continuous series.
It works as follows: We recall (or construct) the diagonal. Add the value of 2. The resulting line is length 3.414213562... .
(1) Add 2, yielding 5.414213562..., and divide that in half, yielding the value 2.707106781... .
(2) We add 2, yielding 4.707106781..., and divide that in half, yielding 2.353553391... .
(3) Here we are ready to add the diagonal again, yielding 3.767766953... . Add 2, which gives us 5.767766953..., and divide in half, yielding 2.883883476... .
(4) Add 2, giving us 4.883883476..., and divide in half, yielding 2.441941738... .
(5) Add 2, giving us 4.441941738..., and divide in half, yielding 2.220970869... .
All of these line lengths have been manageable with the compass and straightedge on an ordinary sheet of paper. However, our end result is 2 plus 0.220970869... in length. We can construct only the smaller part, or at least see the smaller part, by opening the compass to a length of 2, and marking off the two, resulting in two lines: one being 2, the other being 0.220970869... . This same procedure can be used to construct any fractional number, including the irrational and transcendental numbers.
The general rule which applies to the super-binary system is:
Where D = 1.414213562... for negative powers (meaning D-x or 1/Dx):
For even powers D raised to minus X power = 1 halved X/2 times.
Example: D(-8) = 1/16 or .0625 and 2(-4) = 1/16 (same as 1 /2, /2, /2, /2). This is accomplished by using the side of the square, S, which has the unit line-length of one, and dividing it in two, halving it, four times.
For odd powers D to minus X power = D halved (X+1)/2 times.
Example: D(-9) = D times 2(-5) or D/32, which means 1.414213562... divided by 32 = 0.044194173... . This is accomplished by using the diagonal (D line length) and dividing it in two (halving it) five times.
Look at Table 1, which shows the digital decimal version of 1/Pi and the super-binary version. Then look at Table 2, which shows the results of six sample calculations that are also samples of constructions with the compass and straightedge.
A special rule applies when two of the terms in the summation are an "even pair," which then require a "combined step" in the summation procedure. An even pair is any two consecutive exponents where the higher exponent is even and the lower is odd. One can easily see that in this case, such as SQRT(2) to the -10 and -9, that the construction of each term requires the same number of steps. For the -10 value, we add 1 and then divide in half 5 times, and, for the -9 value, we add D but also divide in half 5 times. Therefore, the "combined step" requires that we:
Add 1, add D, add 2, and divide in half.
If the target value were 0.03125 + 0.044194173 = 0.075444173, we start with 2, and...
... 2 + 1 + D + 2) / 2 = 3.207106781 ... + 2) / 2 = 2.603553391
... + 2) / 2 = 2.301776695 ... + 2) / 2 = 2.150888348
... + 2) / 2 = 2.075444174
Thus, we have added the 1 value and the D value together and divided them both in half the same number of times, five times.
The second step in the algorithm for a super-binary number program is the number element selection step, with a precision selection command, incorporated in a For-Next Loop or similar program subroutine. This section begins with the operator “inputting” the target value to be summated or constructed from the elements arrayed previously in step one. Write commands and statements that will retrieve the elements one by one and then add them to the running sum on a conditional basis. The condition is that if adding the next largest element brings the running sum closer to the target value, but not beyond it, then it is added. If the next largest element is too large, and makes the running sum larger than the target value, it is discarded, and the loop starts again. Incorporated in this loop you must include two other important computer operations. There must be two command lines that select the level of precision desired. That can be accomplished by specifying the value (for example: 1/10^16) which, if the running sum exceeds the target value, the element will be discarded. In a later command line, specify the value (for example: 1/10^20) which, if the running sum is closer to the target value, the program exits that loop and moves on to step three. The program should print out the elements selected that sum to the target value, as shown in the Tables.
The third step is the assembly step of the algorithm and is derived from the general rule. We begin with the line that has to be divided in half the greatest number of times.
Look at Table 2 and sample calculation #1, 1/ SQRT(Pi). The elements of the series are D to:
-2 -8 -19 -24 -28 -27 -42 -46 -49 -57 -60 -66 -70 -74 -82 -88 -92 -95 -102 .
Therefore, we begin with D-102 and distinguish it as an even number. The general rule tells us that if we divide 1 in half 51 times, the result is D-102 . We begin our calculation, and our construction, with S (1). Add 2, divide that number line in half, the result is 1.5, which is just what we wanted and expected (S-1 + 1). The second element is D-95. The general rule tells us to distinguish that power as an odd negative power and divide -95 in half and add one-half (round it up to the next whole number), which gives us 48. Therefore, in order to add in our next element in the series, we will need to add in D and divide it in half (after adding 2) 48 times. To accomplish this we divide S in half, counting backwards, from 51 (1.5) (add 2, divide in half) to 50 (add 2, divide in half) to 49 (add 2, divide in half) to 48 (NOW add D, add 2, divide in half). There we have added in the next element. The third element, being D-92 , means we add S (and 2) at the 46th step. We add S again at the 44th step (for D-88), and so on, until we get to the final element, D-2, which gives us a result of 2.584189583, from which we can subtract the final 2, to get our target value of 0.584189583. We shall have added 2 and divided in half 51 times, and we shall have added in S 14 times, and added in D 5 times, adding in each S or D at the right step to achieve the correct number of divisions required to produce each element of the summation. This same repetitious procedure works for any fraction, including any irrational or transcendental number. For purposes of precision, there is always a smaller element available to add that brings us closer to the infinite decimal, but not past it, for example, D-500 is a very small number, and D-703 is much smaller. This means that we have exactly the same situation as with any abstract digital number system. Irrational and transcendental numbers are infinite in the digital decimal system, but the negative powers of D are equally infinite. We can increase our precision indefinitely, although doing so usually has no practical purpose. I call this method "sequential halving."
It is important to remember the unique reality of the super-binary number line system. The end results of the operations, whether performed on the calculator or on paper with the compass and straightedge, are lines. However, the lines are not abstract representations of numbers, they are the concrete numbers in proportion to the line we start with and assign the value of one. That is why we can use our line of 1/ SQRT(Pi) in length to construct a circle with the same area as the given square, subject to our chosen level of precision.
Using the super-binary number line system, we use the side 1 and D of the square that has an area of 1, to construct a line of length 1/ SQRT(Pi), and then use our constructed 1/ SQRT(Pi) (0.584189583) as the radius to construct the circle. The area of the circle is 0.000000002 less than the area of the square. A difference of 0.0000002 percent. If the side of the square were 1,000 meters, the area of the square would be 1,000,000 square meters, and the area of the circle would be 99,999.998 square meters, a difference of .002 square meters, equal to 20 square centimeters, or a rectangle of 4 centimeters by 5 centimeters within the square kilometer. That is an area smaller than one-half of a 3” by 5” index card. To appreciate this level of precision, note that if when measuring or "constructing" our square of 1,000 meters on a side, we made an error of one tenth of a centimeter short on two opposite sides, that error would reduce the area of the square by 10,000 square centimeters (1 square meter), a difference which is 500 times greater than the precision possible with the low technology of the super-binary number line system. Greater precision is possible by adding more, smaller elements.
This procedure is equally valid if the ancient question is reversed: "Can you construct a square equal in area to a given circle, using only a compass and straightedge?" In that case we begin with a circle with R = 1 and Area = Pi. We use our 1 to construct 2, the square root of two and then the square root of Pi, which is 1 +0.772453851..., for the side of our square.
End of Main Text
Bibliography: (30 math texts plus the four works listed below)
Clark, R.T. Rundle. Myth and Symbol in Ancient Egypt. New York: Thames
and
Hudson, 1959.
Tompkins, Peter. Secrets of the Great Pyramid. New York: Harper and Row, 1971.
(Lots of math in this book.)
West, John Anthony. Serpent in the Sky. New York: Julian Press,
Crown
Publishing Group, 1987.
Kunzig, Robert. "A Head for Numbers." Discover: the world of science, July 1997,
pp. 108-115. (This article describes research evidence that the
human
brain contains a "number line" from which we derive our concept of
number.)
Table 1: The digital decimal expression of 0.318309886... = 1/Pi
6 times 10-9 = 0.000000006...
+ 8 times 10-8 = 0.00000008
+ 8 times 10-7 = 0.0000008
+ 9 times 10-6 = 0.000009
+ 0 times 10-5 = 0.00000
+ 3 times 10-4 = 0.0003
+ 8 times 10-3 = 0.008
+ 1 times 10-2 = 0.01
+ 3 times 10-1 = 0.3
______________________________________
Total 0.318309886...
The super-binary expression of 0.318309886... = 1/Pi
D = diagonal or 1.414213562... (in sci notation, 10 raised to)
1 times D-106 = 0.0000000000000001110223... (-16)
+ 1 times D-101 = 0.000000000000000628037 (-16)
+ 1 times D-91 = 0.00000000000002009718 (-14)
+ 1 times D-84 = 0.0000000000002272737 (-13)
+ 1 times D-78 = 0.000000000001818989 (-12)
+ 1 times D-75 = 0.000000000005144879 (-12)
+ 1 times D-65 = 0.0000000001646361 (-10)
+ 1 times D-59 = 0.000000001317089 (-09)
+ 1 times D-56 = 0.00000000372529 (-09)
+ 1 times D-49 = 0.00000004214685 (-08)
+ 1 times D-46 = 0.0000001192093 (-07)
+ 1 times D-33 = 0.00003051758 (-05)
+ 1 times D-30 = 0.00003051758 (-05)
+ 1 times D-24 = 0.0002441406 (-04)
+ 1 times D-15 = 0.005524272 (-03)
+ 1 times D-8 = 0.0625 NA
+ 1 times D-4 = 0.25 NA
______________________________________
Total 0.318309886...
Table 2: Six sample calculations, or constructions, of irrational or transcendental numbers:
1) 0.5641895835477562 = 1/ SQRT(Pi) = the sum of D raised to the following:
-2 -8 -19 -24 -28 -37 -42 -46 -49 -56 -62 -69 -73 -82 -89 -96 -100
2) 0.7724538509055160 = [SQRT(Pi)] - 1 = the sum of D raised to the:
-1 -8 -17 -28 -31 -38 -43 -48 -52 -62 -72 -77 -84 -90 -98 -102
3) 0.1415926535897932 = Pi -3 = the sum of D raised to the:
-6 -12 -21 -24 -30 -38 -42 -48 -52 -57 -67 -73 -78 -82 -94 -99 -103
4) 0.6180339887498948 = Phi - 1 = 1/ Phi = the sum of D raised to the:
-2 -7 -11 -15 -18 -28 -34 -38 -42 -47 -51 -57 -61 -68 -75 -79 -83 -87 -92 -95 -101
5) 0.8090169943749474 = Phi / 2, = sine of 54 degrees = the sum of D raised to the:
-1 -7 -13 -18 -22 -30 -39 -49 -55 -58 -64 -69 -76 -79 -102
6) 0.7320508075688772 = [SQRT(3)] - 1 = the sum of D raised to the:
-1 -11 -17 -28 -31 -38 -44 -49 -59 -70 -77 -81 -87 -97 -101
Figure 1: A square. If side S = 1, then diagonal D = SQRT(2)
Figure 2: The pyramid mark - top view of a regular, four sided pyramid, which provides for (x's left to right) construction of 1, SQRT(2), and 2, the three values used to construct all other numbers. The end points of the lines can be pressed into a block of wood to provide stable guides for each time the compass is opened to these values.
To order the author’s versions of the computer programs that illustrate the Super-Binary Number Line System, send $50.00 U.S. to cover the cost of producing the 3.5" diskette (or diskettes), suitable packaging, the postage to mail first class from my address (John M. Medeiros, P.O. Box 536, Bellows Falls, VT 05101) to yours. The author will not use any diskette received in the mail and will not accept responsibility for its return. If you send a check or money order, please make it payable to "John Manimas." The diskette contents will include text instructions and the best programs available from the author to date.
We begin every construction with a square and the diagonal. The square provides the three line lengths that are needed to construct any irrational fraction expressed as a line length. The side S is one. The diagonal D is SQRT(2). Twice S is two. To help keep these line lengths the same each time the compass is used, you can make tiny dimples or impressions in a piece of wood to mark off each length. Below, I have used the space bar of the keyboard to create the lines. One is ten spaces, D is fourteen spaces to approximate 1.414213562... , and two is twenty spaces.
line length of one: __________
line length of D: ______________
line length of two: ____________________
Our example from pyr 1, p. 2: construct 0.220970869... (0.176776695... + 0.044194173... ) is the same as D-5 plus D-9 and we obtain this sum by sequential halving.
Step 1 ( 2 + D ): ___________________+______________
Our line length is: 3.414213562...
Step 2 ( add 2): ___________________+______________+____________________
Our line length is: 5.414213562...
Step 3 (halve): ___________________________
Our line length is: 2.707106781...
Step 4 (add 2 ): ___________________________+____________________
Our line length is: 4.707106781...
Step 5 (halve): _______________________
Our line length is: 2.353553391...
Step 6 (add D ): _______________________+_____________
Our line length is: 3.767766953...
Step 7 (add 2 ): _______________________+_____________+___________________
Our line length is: 5.767766953...
Step 8 (halve): _____________________________
Our line length is: 2.883883476...
Step 9 (add 2 ): _____________________________+___________________
Our line length is: 4.883883476...
Step 10 (halve): ________________________
Our line length is: 2.441941738...
Step 11 (add 2): ________________________+___________________
Our line length is: 4.441941738...
Step 12 (halve): ______________________
Our line length is: 2.220970869...
We can subtract the 2 to yield a very short line that is 0.220970869... in length. This is a sort of beginners' example. It demonstrates that if we divide D in half 5 times and also divide D in half 3 times in a continuous series of steps, we have accomplished the sequential halving that yields our target value. This same procedure can be used to produce a summation of any set of values that represent D to specified negative powers. By use of a computer program that completes the time consuming calculations, it has been demonstrated that any irrational number can be given expression as a line length using this method, and the operator can achieve a target level of precision. The necessity or "limitation" that the operator chooses the level of precision is in fact a reality that applies to any and all constructions. There is no method to construct exactly any irrational number, because an irrational is an endless, non-repeating decimal. Although any geometer can construct any square root as a line length, using the Pythagorean Theorem, all such line lengths are exact only in theory. For concrete lines, it is not possible to construct a second line, using only the compass and straightedge, and prove mathematically that the two lines are the exact irrational and also perfectly equal. Neither the mathematician nor the geometer can demonstrate that two lines are equal to the infinite decimal place.
Advanced fraction constructions using the base SqRt(2) and sequential halving.
Originally uploaded 3/11/01. Reviewed 11/10/01.
You always begin with a square and diagonal providing line lengths of 1, D, and 2.
The number line construction begins with a line length of 2.
#1 construction: 1 over the square root of Pi:
* Your Target Value is: 0.564189583547756
--> Enter decimal level of precision (1 to 15):
* Your precision level is: 0.0000000000000001
Term, power, value, LVS = line value summation thus far
1: -2 --> +0.500000000000000 LVS= 0.500000000000000
2: -8 --> +0.062500000000000 LVS= 0.562500000000000
3: -19 --> +0.001381067932005 LVS= 0.563881067932005
4: -24 --> +0.000244140625000 LVS= 0.564125208557005
5: -28 --> +0.000061035156250 LVS= 0.564186243713255
6: -37 --> +0.000002697398305 LVS= 0.564188941111560
7: -42 --> +0.000000476837158 LVS= 0.564189417948718
8: -46 --> +0.000000119209290 LVS= 0.564189537158008
9: -49 --> +0.000000042146849 LVS= 0.564189579304856
10: -56 --> +0.000000003725290 LVS= 0.564189583030146
11: -62 --> +0.000000000465661 LVS= 0.564189583495808
12: -69 --> +0.000000000041159 LVS= 0.564189583536967
13: -73 --> +0.000000000010290 LVS= 0.564189583547257
14: -82 --> +0.000000000000455 LVS= 0.564189583547711
15: -89 --> +0.000000000000040 LVS= 0.564189583547752
16: -96 --> +0.000000000000004 LVS= 0.564189583547755
17: -100 --> +0.000000000000001 LVS= 0.564189583547756
Constructed number line summation to precision
level 15 is: 0.564189583547756
Target fraction was: 0.564189583547756
Number of terms is: 17. Last exponent is: -100
Step, term, (power), RLV = running line value
50, 17 (-100) : (RLV = RLV +1 +2) halved = 2.500000000000000
49, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.250000000000000
48, 16 (-96) : (RLV = RLV +1 +2) halved = 2.625000000000000
47, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.312500000000000
46, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.156250000000000
45, 15 (-89) : (RLV = RLV +D +2) halved = 2.785231781186548
44, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.392615890593274
43, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.196307945296637
42, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.098153972648318
41, 14 (-82) : (RLV = RLV +1 +2) halved = 2.549076986324159
40, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.274538493162080
39, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.137269246581040
38, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.068634623290520
37, 13 (-73) : (RLV = RLV +D +2) halved = 2.741424092831807
36, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.370712046415904
35, 12 (-69) : (RLV = RLV +D +2) halved = 2.892462804394500
34, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.446231402197250
33, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.223115701098625
32, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.111557850549312
31, 11 (-62) : (RLV = RLV +1 +2) halved = 2.555778925274656
30, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.277889462637328
29, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.138944731318664
28, 10 (-56) : (RLV = RLV +1 +2) halved = 2.569472365659332
27, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.284736182829666
26, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.142368091414833
25, 9 (-49) : (RLV = RLV +D +2) halved = 2.778290826893964
24, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.389145413446982
23, 8 (-46) : (RLV = RLV +1 +2) halved = 2.694572706723491
22, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.347286353361746
21, 7 (-42) : (RLV = RLV +1 +2) halved = 2.673643176680873
20, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.336821588340436
19, 6 (-37) : (RLV = RLV +D +2) halved = 2.875517575356766
18, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.437758787678383
17, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.218879393839191
16, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.109439696919596
15, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.054719848459798
14, 5 (-28) : (RLV = RLV +1 +2) halved = 2.527359924229899
13, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.263679962114949
12, 4 (-24) : (RLV = RLV +1 +2) halved = 2.631839981057475
11, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.315919990528737
10, 3 (-19) : (RLV = RLV +D +2) halved = 2.865066776450916
9, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.432533388225458
8, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.216266694112729
7, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.108133347056365
6, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.054066673528182
5, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.027033336764091
4, 2 (-8) : (RLV = RLV +1 +2) halved = 2.513516668382046
3, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.256758334191023
2, *** *** : (RLV = RLV +0 +2) halved = 2.128379167095511
1, 1 (-2) : (RLV = RLV +1 +2) halved = 2.564189583547756
0 step, subtract 2, final Line Value is: 0.564189583547756
to precision level 0.0000000000000001
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